Essay Bushs War On Terror and the Erosion of Civil...

Bushs War On Terror and the Erosion of Civil Liberties Nearly all the amendments in the Bill of Rights have been reduced since the beginning of the war. The fourth through eighth amendments have been especially hit hard by this â€Å"war.† Search seizure, due process, a speedy and public trial with a jury, and cruel unusual punishment have all been disregarded as part of the current administration’s policy. The â€Å"War On Terror† has effectively eroded the civil liberties that Americans fought centuries for. Through the passing of the USA PATRIOT Act, the government can now search a â€Å"suspected† terrorist’s property without their knowledge and even without a warrant. Although this could be a well-needed exception to warrants, as it is†¦show more content†¦Due process and rights to a speedy and public trial are granted to people, not only citizens, but the current policy abandons these fundamental facts. Since â€Å"Operation Enduring Freedom† began in 2001, prisoners of war have been detained at a military base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Hundreds of the prisoners, called â€Å"enemy combatants†, have been held without charges being present or a reasonable timetable for trial. At the time of introduction to the Guantanamo Bay Camp, prisoners are not presented with any potentially committed crimes and have been held years without being able to speak to a lawyer or family. Some of these families don’t even know where their relatives are. When an d if these prisoners go to tribunal, judges have been forced a gag order to not speak of a guilty or not-guilty finding, let alone the existence of the trial itself. This stance on secret tribunals, where no jury can be found, creates a government that can only be portrayed by 1984 (Orwell). In a series of leaked memos from the Bush Administration dating since late 2001, shows a fundamental switch on the stance of torture with regards to prisoners and self-incrimination. These memos are the basis for why the US Government thinks that the information that these suspected terrorists have should be pursued at no cost (Ripley). As seen by the pictures at Abu Ghraib Prison, Iraq and statements made by prisoners in Guantanamo Bay,Show MoreRelatedThe War On Terror : Terrorism2256 Words   |  10 PagesCharles Reece Johnson Irons Discourse 200 November 5, 2014 The War on Terror Introduction The war on terror is not easy to define partly due to its vagueness and unsparing use of rhetorical device to justify any action of military perpetrated after the 9/11. However, the The war on terror, in its original intent, is a series of initiatives that seek to reduce or eliminate terrorism in the world. In this perspective, terrorism is the deliberate exploitation and creation of fear through threat andRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesinsights, we can also learn from successes and find nuggets by comparing the unsuccessful with the successful. With the addition of Google and Starbucks, we have moved Entrepreneurial Adventures up to the front of the book. We have continued Marketing Wars, which many of you recommended, and reinstated Comebacks of firms iii iv †¢ Preface rising from adversity. I have also brought back Ethical Mistakes, because I believe that organizations more than ever need to be responsive to society’s best

Hair Analysis Forensic Science - 966 Words

Final Research Project Trichology is the study of hair. Interestingly, this study dates back to mid-1800s. However, hair analysis in forensic science began in 1930. During which time, a forensic scientist by the name of Edmond Locard introduced the Locard Exchange Principal. This principal hinges on the fact that any time there is contact between two surfaces an exchange of material will take place. (Oien, 2009) In this paper, I will prove how Forensic Hair Analysis and Forensic Hair comparison and studies if properly performed and correctly interpreted hair analysis meets all the scientific method standards. There are factors that are difficult to determine with hair analysis. Such factors include gender, age or race. When conducting an autopsy, a person’s body the bone tells a story about that individual. For example, by examining a person’s bones you can determine whether or not a person is a man or a woman and for about how long that person has lived. However, the hair does not. This may seem counterintuitive, but much can be learned about the human hair. Nationality on the other hand can easily be determined from hair analysis. One such example of a person’s race is that of a Caucasoid or European, Mongoloid or Asian, and Negroid or African follicles are all very distinct in texture and can be linked to that particular nationality. The analysis of hair is general in nature and limited to those three nationalities. Hair transfer occurs when naturally. Hair that isShow MoreRelatedIn The Forensic Science Field, Laboratory Tests Are Becoming1177 Words   |  5 PagesIn the forensic science field, laboratory tests are becoming more criticized in today s world of technology. Human hair is one of the most common types of evidence found at a crime scene. Following hair analysis, there is also DNA fingerprinting analysis. Many victims of this flaw have been wrongfully sent to serve time for these flaws in testing. There have recently been more strategies to help improve these tests and provide for a better outcome in trial. Labs now have certain guidelines to followRead MoreIntroduction. Forensic Dna Phenotyping Is A New And Emerging1577 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Forensic DNA Phenotyping is a new and emerging field of forensic science. As it is so new, there is very little in terms of literature on this field, very little testing done on this type of identification, and few cases that have used DNA Phenotyping to assist in the investigation. The first documented case of DNA Phenotyping being used is in the early 2000s, so it has had under 20 years of research and experimentation with it. There are many weaknesses to the version of DNA PhenotypingRead MoreDigital Forensics And The Constitution1499 Words   |  6 PagesDIGITAL FORENSICS AND THE CONSTITUTION Daniel J. Riggleman Mount Aloysius College DIGITAL FORENSICS AND THE CONSTITUTION Until recently, forensic scientists needed only to study physical evidence to determine what had taken place at a crime scene. This consisted of gathering fibers and samples of any bodily fluids left behind and also taking note of every aspect of the crimes scene to determine what had happened. In today’s age, that is all still necessary for most crime scenes; however, there isRead MoreForensic Evidence And Criminal Investigation1350 Words   |  6 Pageshowever, one of the most important steps is the collection and analysis of evidence. According to the Encyclopedia of Criminology (2014), forensic evidence refers to the verbal statements and physical items presented to a neutral fact-finder in the court of law that assist him or her in rendering a verdict (Vandenberg, 2014). In simple terms, it is anything offered to a court to demonstrate if the suspect on trial is guilt or innocent. Forensic evidence can be separated into many categories such as traceRead MorePresentation At The 2010 Cooley Law School Symposium On The Csi Effect1113 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribes merged data from the two studies and the analysis of that merged data. The data supports the earlier suggestion of a tech effect based on cultural changes, rather than any direct impact on certain television programs or genres. It is suggested that while the prosecutor version of the CSI effect is a myth, there are increased juror expectations that arise from the combination of the tech effect, the general media portrayal of forensic evidence, and the misperception of attorneys and judgesRead MoreA Visual Of The Mitochondrial Dna1484 Words   |  6 Pagesmolecule shows where the DNA gets analyzed by forensic geneticists, the hypervariable regions 1 and 2. Figure 3. The results of the TaqMan system containing the DNA numbers from various analyzed sampled. Thesis Discussion DNA phenotyping serves to determine the physical attributes of a specific individual based off of genetic material that was left behind at a crime scene. By being able to determine physical traits such as hair color, eye color, height and skin pigmentation researchersRead MoreDr. Ketchum Processed All The Samples1053 Words   |  5 PagesBlind Study Author ship 1 North Louisiana Criminalistics Laboratory, Shreveport, LA Forensic DNA Extraction and DNA quantification No No Yes 2 DNA Diagnostics, Nacogdoches, Texas Forensic Extraction, Species Screening, Preliminary Species Sequencing and STR PP16 genotyping, mtDNA and nuDNA, testing known submitter (human) samples. No Yes No 3 Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences, Dallas, TX Hair Analysis No Yes No 4 Family Tree DNA, Houston, TX mtDNA confirmation and mtDNA whole genomeRead MoreCase Study: Forensic Toxicology870 Words   |  3 PagesIn this case study Forensic Toxicology was used to solve the murder of Robert Curley and obtained the conviction of his wife Joann Curley. In 1991Robert Curley began to feel ill, in August he was rushed to the Wilkes-Barre general hospital. He was having an attack and was experiencing numbness in his hands, intense sweating, a flushed face, repeated vomiting and a burning sensation in his feet. His doctors went through several diagnoses for his puzzling symptoms before he was diagnosed with Guillian-BarreRead MoreForensic Examination Of Forensic Science1434 Words   |  6 PagesForensic science is defined as science that pertains to law. Forensic science is used during investigations of a crime scene. Many forensic techniques are used during the investigation of crime scenes. These techniques are applied to what is considered to be trace evidence. Trace evidence is evidence left at the scene of the crime that helps tell the story of what had happened and could possibly lead to a suspect. The reliability of forensic evidence testing is a widely debated topic in the worldRead MoreStatistical Data Analysis Sample836 Word s   |  4 PagesStatistical data analysis was performed using programs MATLAB R2012b or R2014a and was conducted at 95% confidence level. Amino acids in the hair protein were determined using the relative peak areas and the concentrations were determined from a calibration curve from liquid injections of standard amino acid solutions of GC/MS analysis [8]. Also, ANOVA (one-way analysis of variance) was used to compare the mean concentrations of each amino acid between the case-control study groups. The F-test that

The Manila Metropolitan Are The Center Of Employment...

The Manila metropolitan area is known as the center of employment opportunities here in the Philippines. Most of the Filipinos from different parts of the country are taking their chances to move to the urban centers of Manila with high hopes of being employed in opportunities associated with the modern economy, mostly services and manufacturing. Some of them were lucky enough and landed in their dream jobs and earned a living. However, the country s high rate of population growth has resulted to large additions to the labor force annually. This has aggravated an economy with a high rate of unemployment and even higher underemployment. Indeed, the shortage of employment opportunities has resulted in large-scale migrations of Filipino workers to other countries, both professionals and unskilled workers. Determined to create jobs here at home and to ensure that Filipinos need not leave their families to go abroad to work, former President Benigno Aquino III, issued a 22-point platform and policy implemented by the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). President Aquino also wanted to ensure that the country’s labor policies were aligned with international treaties and international labor conventions to effectively protect the rights of workers, especially those working abroad. The goal of the previous administration was for investors to invest in our country’s top resource, our human resource, to make us more competitive and employable while promoting industrial peaceShow MoreRelatedThe Center For Urban Sustainable Planning4449 Words   |  18 PagesExecutive summary The Center for Urban Sustainable Planning (CUSP) was established in 1996 as a United States 501(c) (3) non-profit organization intended to educate city planners and government officials on sustainable urban planning programs for low- to mid-range developing countries and assist them in developing urban systems that serve industry, tourism, and provide opportunities for the urban poor. Our areas of expertise include urban planning, tenure rights, economic development, infrastructureRead MoreCalabarzon Case Study2739 Words   |  11 Pagesfive provinces, namely: Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon. The regions name is an acronym of the names of these provinces. The region is located in southwestern Luzon, just south and west of Metro Manila and is the second most densely populated region. It is bounded by Metro Manila, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Pacific Ocean, South China Sea and Sulu Sea. CALABARZON and MIMAROPA were previously combined together as Southern Tagalog. Calabarzon region is the result of the splitting ofRead MoreProblems in Big Cities5126 Words   |  21 Pagespronunciation:  [sÉ ÃŒÆ'wÃŒÆ' ˈpawlu]   ([pic] listen) St. Paul; English:  /ËÅ'saÊŠ ˈpaÊŠloÊŠ/) is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere, and the worlds 6th largest city. The Sà £o Paulo metropolitan area is ranked as the second most populous in the Americas and is among the five largest metropolitan areas of the planet.[1] The city is the capital of the state of Sà £o Paulo, the most populous Brazilian state, the name of the city honors Saint Paul. Sà £o Paulo exerts strong regional influenceRead MoreReal Estate Industry in the Philippines2222 Words   |  9 Pagesbackground and history ( size, importance, market and growth trends) Real estate companies deals with the development retail, industrial, residential, medical and business office facilities and buildings. These can be residential apartments, shopping centers, factories, retirement homes, offices and etc. XRC resources holds companies under it that develop community malls falling under the retail category. According to the Department of the National Statistics office there were 28,347 buildings/ housesRead MoreThe Philippine Tourism Industry Analysis5195 Words   |  21 PagesTHE PHILIPPINE TOURISM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS I. SCANNING OF THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT A. OPERATING ENVIRONMENT 1. ECONOMIC INDICATORS Income, employment, balance of payments and investments are all the positive impacts of the tourism industry. The industry generates income through salary, wages, loan and interest. The amount spent by tourists though their currency in the accommodation, food and beverage and other tourism services and products,once they visited in our country, becomes our touristRead MoreCoffee Shop Draft Proposal5306 Words   |  22 PagesCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION From a cultural standpoint, coffeehouses largely serve as centers of social interaction. The coffeehouse provides social members with a place to cognate, talk, write, read, entertain one another, or pass the time, whether individually or in small groups of 2 or 3. Every Morning it will not be complete without breakfast and a cup of coffee in the table of the Filipinos. Sometimes they only drink coffee to fill up their stomach when they are in hurry for office or evenRead MoreEconomy of the Philippines7166 Words   |  29 Pages For too many years the Philippines was regarded as the â€Å"sick man of Asia.† (Balisacan, 2012, p.1) In the 1950’s it was economically more advanced than other Asian countries, but â€Å"bad governance and misguided economic policies wasted the opportunities for sustained growth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Balisacan, 2012, p. 1) Economic History. The country was led by Ferdinand E. Marcos, from 1965 to 1986, before he was overthrown in the â€Å"People Power† revolt (Whaley, 2013). Not only had he declared martial lawRead MoreMetrobank Strama (Feu-Iabf)7898 Words   |  32 PagesI. Executive Summary METRO BANK The Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company, commonly known as Metrobank, is the largest bank in the Philippines in terms of assets and is also the largest Philippine bank in terms of overseas presence. It has a diverse offering of financial services, from regular banking to insurance. Considering the EFE, Metrobank’s current competitive position or business strength in the industry is above average. Overall, it has been coping up well with the factors whichRead MoreBanco de Oro Swot Analysis3685 Words   |  15 Pagesowned by SM Group of Companies, also the owner of one of the largest mall chains in the Philippines-the SM Malls. The key persons behind the firm are Teresita T. Sy, Chairwoman and Nestor V. Tan, President and CEO, respectively. It was founded in Manila, Philippines and has its headquarter in Mandaluyong City, Philippines. It was the result of the merging of Banco de Oro and Equitable PCI Bank in 2006. It was first named as Banco de Oro-EPCI, Inc., which eventually became Banco de Oro Unibank,Read MorePhilippine Industrialization21081 Words   |  85 PagesSuch environment could pertain to economic fundamentals that attracts investments and to industrial policies that not only serve as magnets for firms to cluster but allow them to thrive via an enabling framework that helps them to maximize the opportunities available in industrial agglomerations. Trade liberalization is only one of the many policy actions of the government for its economy to face head on the challenges posed by globalization. Other policy areas may be in terms of liberalization, privatization

The Poverty Of The African American Community - 2334 Words

â€Å"All Men are created equal† a quote from the United States Constitution. Freedom is what the United States stands for it is what it was rooted from. However, we are into the 21st century and the idea that the United States still discriminates against a certain race is taboo to many. Everyone likes to walk around thinking that everything is alright and equal. Sadly this is not true. The African American, especially those found in the urban setting of Chicago is at a disadvantage. This is due to the erosion of the public education system along with fractured families along with other socioeconomic factors which have contributed to the cycles of poverty and ultimately creates a disadvantaged for African Americans in Chicago. For this research paper I’m going to focus on Chicago for its strong roots in the African American Community, but this isn’t just a one city problem the disadvantages to African Americans are spread out throughout the entire country in eve ry major city in every state and there is no hiding from it. From 1916 to 1970 there was an event-taking place across the country. This event called the great migration brought millions of African Americans north running from the segregation and racism in the south. Many laws such as the Jim Crowe laws gave African American a huge struggle to find peace in the south even in the early 20th century. Even though slavery was outlawed in all of the United States these laws gave black people un-equal rights and made it hard forShow MoreRelatedPoverty in the African American Community Essay931 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States developed the official poverty measures in 1960. It was developed by President Lyndon B. Johnson, who had declared a war on poverty during the Civil Rights era. (The Path of Power- The years of Lyndon B. Johnson, (Caro, 16). The poverty rate of African Americans has been declining for many years. The Census Bureau releases two reports every year that describe who is poor in the United States based on cash resources. There is also the supplemental poverty measure (SPM) which takes accountRead MoreA Cycle of Struggles Endured by the African American Race1301 Words   |  5 Pages African Americans, among their families, and their communities find themselves in an unceasing battle for survival in a world that has previously, and to this day, brought many hardships and sufferings. Although America has succeeded in abolishing slavery, there are still aspects of racism and economic segregation that occur within residential areas. This being said, many individuals of the African American race become primary targets and victims to devastating economic and social disadvantagesRead MoreA Raisin Of The Sun By Lorraine Hansberry1581 Words   |  7 Pagesand black activist, spent almost all of her life dealing with American racism, poverty, and lack of social mobility. As a person who witnessed the daily struggles of African Americans, Hansberry wanted to expose the hypocrisy in the idea that America was the land of equal opportunity. As a result, in 1959, Hansberry wrote the play, A Raisin in the Sun, which details the Youngers, an African American family, who experienced racism, poverty, and the lack of social mobility during the 1950s in Chicago’sRead MorePoverty And The Changing Family Structure1713 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican Americans have come a long way in the last few decades. We have more rights, more opportunities to grow and prosper and more independence than ever before. But the same cannot be said for African American families as a whole. The African American family and community is in trouble (Tilove, 2005). These families are facing many issues today that are contributing to their break down. These factors include poverty, diminishing health, welfare, incarceration, the struggle to find housing andRead MorePoverty and Homelessness1143 Words   |  5 PagesMrs. Leeker ENG111 2/25/14 Poverty and Homelessness: An Annotated Bibliography. â€Å"Black Parents Demand ‘World-Class’ Education, Too.† Washington Informer. 20. Mar 2013. ProQuest. Web. 15 Feb. 2014. In the article ‘World-Class Education’, it said that education need to be affordable for the community of African American. Some African American children are dropout which had damaged the community. Without education, the middle class people would not be able toRead MoreThe Black Disadvantage in the United States1655 Words   |  7 Pagesincarceration, poverty, unemployment, more student debt; these are just some of the issues that African Americans face in the United States today. The statistical facts show that African Americans Face an uphill battle compared to White Americans. A good portion of the financial inequality that exists is due to the trickle down of white financial ancestral inheritance which was able to amass overtime unlike the historically disadvantaged, enslaved, and segregated African American. How often doRead MoreThe Issues Of The African Americans1155 Words   |  5 Pagesand millions of other African Americans face this dilemma on a daily basis. This paper will effectively document the occurrences African Americans face daily as well as provide ways to positively impact my community. 2016 was a very arduous year for blacks in America. Firstly, it is important to recognize the link between poverty and the lack of jobs. Sadly, as we lose jobs the black poverty rate increases. On the other hand, when there is strong job growth the black poverty rate decreases. A recentRead MoreAids : An African American Girl Who Was Suffering From Hiv Virus859 Words   |  4 PagesIn 2015, specifically in LA downtown, I met Sara who is an African American girl who was suffering from HIV virus. She told me her sadly story when she was having sexual things with random people just because of having money. She didn’t have any knowledge about this virus. So, because of that, she got the HIV virus, and she thanked god that she treated so long to be clean. So, some people in this world don’t know what the AIDS means. So, the AIDS is a dangerous virus that attack cells human’s immuneRead MoreTupac Song Analysis924 Words   |  4 Pagesverse of the song discusses th e effects of poverty observed in the majority of predominantly African American places of living. Historically, Black poverty had been an unresolved issue that persists even today. An NY Times article during the time had provided studies done by Richard P. Nathan, a professor of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University, which revealed that in the past decade (1980s), the African American poverty rate in the 50 major U.S cities had risenRead MoreIncreasing Poverty Among African Americans957 Words   |  4 PagesIn his discussion on poverty among African Americans, William Wilson has identified several historical factors that have contributed to the increase in poverty levels in the recent years. Such factors included, first, shift in the American economy from industrial to informational economy, thus limited the labor poll to only highly specialized individuals; second, the historical flow of migrants, and what it bring with it from competition over limited amount of resources; third, change in the urban

Literature review on entrepreneurial finance Free Essays

Introduction Research Proposal Although it appears to be contentious whether availability of finance impacts on entrepreneurial entry to markets (Kim et al., 2006, p. 5), it is likely to be a critical factor in determining the early success or failure of any new start-up venture. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature review on entrepreneurial finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is more, it has also been implicated as an important factor in determining the ongoing success of the business (Marlow Patton, 2005, p. 717; Capelleras et al., 2008, p. 688). The literature would also appear to indicate that the balance between the availability to and uptake by entrepreneurs of different forms of finance may have wider effects on the national economy (Deidda Fattouh, 2008, p. 6). Therefore it may be important to gain a better understanding of the level of availability of different forms of finance to start-up ventures, along with different factors affecting their uptake by entrepreneurs. Background This section of the proposal provides a brief overview of the literature on the different financing options available to start-up ventures, focusing on bank finance and venture capital. Bank Finance There is a lack of recent research available as to trends in funding of entrepreneurs in The Netherlands. Understanding of such trends in other countries, where extensive research has taken place in the field of entrepreneurial finance, could result in the understanding as well as the applicability of general findings to The Netherlands and any other country. Evidence confirms that banks continued to provide a major source of finance for SMEs in the 1990s (Hughes, 1997, p. 151) although it would be expected that the recent financial crisis could have impacted this (Udell, 2011, p. 103). While relaxing financial constraints may allow greater access to bank financing for entrepreneurs, it may also encourage excessive entry to the market and may also undermine bank-monitoring incentives according to Arping et al. (2010, p. 26). Evidence from developing nations such as South Africa suggest that access to formal bank financing is likely to be a determinant of start-up rates in any given region (Naude et al., 2008, p. 111). There was however, little consideration in this paper as to whether availability of venture capital had any moderating effect on this relationship, and other sources suggest that this may be less important than availability of human capital (Kim et al., 2006, p. 5). There may not only be issues associated with availability of bank finance, but also access to it. There is some suggestion within the literature that women may be somewhat disadvantaged in securing bank finance when compared to their male counterparts (Marlow Patton, 2005, p. 717; Carter et al., 2007, p. 427). Other authors have disputed this, although it is possible that these differences could be accounted for by different geographical foci (Sabarwal et al., 2009, p. 1). There is also some suggestion that differences may exist between ethnic groups in access to bank finance (Smallbone et al., 2003, p. 291) while other personal characteristics of entrepreneurs could also create barriers (Irwin Scott, 2010, p. 245). The relationship between banks and entrepreneurs could be key to enabling access. Research from Italy suggests that there could be trust issues between young entrepreneurial firms and bank managers. This may be particularly true where there is perceived to be heavy monitoring, and may lead to lower levels of demand for bank financing (Howorth Moro, 2006, p. 495). There is some evidence that the ownership of the bank itself may influence the relationships it forms with businesses of all types, including start-ups. In particular, the evidence suggests that firms are more likely to maintain exclusive relationships with state-owned banks, which may indicate greater levels of trust than compared to foreign or privately owned banks (Berger et al., 2008, p. 37). The literature identifies some strategies that may be effective in helping to overcome these barriers. For example in emerging economies, networking has been implicated as an important strategy in helping small to medium enterprises (SMEs) secure bank financing. This more specifically relates to networking with customers and government officials (Le Nguyen, 2009, p. 867). There is some suggestion that firms in developed countries are more likely to incorporate in order to access formal bank financing (Acs et al., 2008, p. 10). Financing Preferences It has been speculated that young businesses may require more than just monetary input, but also require access to expertise. This argument has been proposed predominantly in the context of technology firms, who may lack experience in research and development. Such businesses may benefit from expertise provided by venture capital firms who possess expertise and skills in this area (Keuschnigg Nielsen, 2005, p. 222). It would however be suggested that this may extend into some other sectors on the basis of research by Kim et al. (2006, p. 5) which found that availability of human capital was instrumental in determining entrepreneurial entry to markets. Quantitative surveys conducted amongst start-up firms has suggested that various characteristics of those ventures may determine the structure and types of finance which are utilized, including size, assets, growth orientation and owner characteristics (Cassar, 2004, p. 261). When selecting venture capital, businesses must consider contracts carefully, as these will have a significant impact on how the firm is able to exit at a later stage (Cumming, 2008, p. 1947). de Bettignies and Brander (2007, p. 808) argue that venture capital may be preferred to bank finance when venture capital productivity is high and entrepreneurial productivity is low. Winton and Yerramilli (2008, p. 51) suggest that there may be different criteria for determining preference, based on preference for risky or safe continuation practices and relative costs associated with finance options. For example, they suggest that if venture capital companies lower their cost of capital, this may entice some entrepreneurs to switch from safe continuation strategies utilizing bank finance, to riskier strategies utilizing venture capital. Study Aims and Objectives It would appear that many of the studies discussed in the previous section have much to contribute to a better understanding of how entrepreneurs select between bank and venture capital financing. However, most have focused on only limited aspects of the issue. A literature review that aims to take a wider perspective may therefore be useful in providing a better understanding of what may be a relatively complex decision-making process. In particular, most of the evidence available has examined the availability and access to bank financing, with much less information available on comparison to venture capital availability and access. Yet contrasting the benefits and limitations of the two may be important in enabling entrepreneurs to make an informed decision when structuring their start-up finance arrangements. Research Statement The research aims to conduct a review of the literature that will enable comparison of benefits and limitations of bank finance and venture capital. Research Questions The following research questions will be addressed by the review: Are there differences in the availability of and access to bank financing and venture capital to businesses Does the availability and access to different types of finance impact choices made by entrepreneurs Are there common barriers to bank finance and venture capital or are some barriers specific to one option When successfully answered, the findings from the previous questions should give answer to the following question by means of a recommendation: Are there any strategies that may enable entrepreneurs to overcome these barriers? References Acs, Z.J., Desai, S. Klapper, L.F. (2008) What does ‘Entrepreneurship’ data really showA comparison of the global entrepreneurship monitor and world bank group datasets. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4667. Accessed 13 May 2011, from: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1233043. Arping, S., Loranth, G. Morrison, A.D. (2010). Public initiatives to support entrepreneurs: Credit guarantees versus co-funding. Journal of Financial Stability, 6(1): 26-35. Berger, A.N., Klapper, L.F., Peria, M.S.M. Zaidi, R. (2008). Bank ownership type and banking relationships. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 17(1): 37-62. Capelleras, J.-L., Mole, K.F., Greene, F.J. Storey, D.J. (2008). Do more heavily regulated economies have poorer performing new venturesEvidence from Britain and Spain. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(4): 688-704. Carter, S., Shaw, E., Lam, W. Wilson, F. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurship, and bank lending: The criteria and processes used by bank loan officers in assessing applications. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3): 427-444. Cassar, G. (2004). The financing of business start ups. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2): 261-283. Cumming, D. (2008). Contracts and exits in venture capital finance. The Review of Financial Studies, 21(5): 1947-1982. de Bettignies, J.-E. Brander, J.A. (2007). Financing entrepreneurship: Bank finance versus venture capital. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(6): 808-832. Deidda, L. Fattouh, B. (2008). Banks, financial markets and growth. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 17(1): 6-36. Howorth, C. Moro, A. (2006). Trust within entrepreneur bank relationships: Insights from Italy. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(4): 495-517. Hughes, A. (1997). Finance for SMEs: A UK perspective. Business and Economics, 9(2): 151-168. Irwin, D. Scott, J.M. (2010). Barriers faced by SMEs in raising bank finance. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour Research, 16(3): 245-259. Keuschnigg, C. Nielsen, S.B. (2005) ‘Public policy for start-up entrepreneurship with venture capital and bank finance’. In V. Kanniainen C. Keuschnigg (Eds.) Venture Capital, Entrepreneurship, and Public Policy. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, pp. 221-250. Kim, P.H., Aldrich, H.E. Keister, L.A. (2006). Access (not) denied: The impact of financial, human, and cultural capital on entrepreneurial entry in the United States. Small Business Economics, 27(1): 5-22. Le, N.T.B. Nguyen, T.V. (2009). The impact of networking on bank financing: The case of small and medium-sized enterprises in Vietnam. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(4): 867-887. Marlow, S. Patton, D. (2005). All credit to menEntrepreneurship, finance, and gender. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(6): 717-735. Naude, W., Gries, T., Wood, E. Meintijies, A. (2008) Regional determinants of entrepreneurial start-ups in a developing country. Entrepreneurship Regional Development, 20(2): 111-124. Sabarwal, S., Terrell, K. Bardasi, E. (2009). How do Female Entrepreneurs PerformEvidence from Three Developing Regions. World Bank. Accessed 15 May 2011, from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENDER/Resources/336003-1240628924155/Sabarwal_Terrell_Bardasi_Entrep_All_CWE.pdf. Smallbone, D., Ram, M., Deakins, D. Aldock, R.B. (2003). Access to finance by ethnic minority businesses in the UK. International Small Business Journal, 21(3): 291-314. Udell, G.F. (2011). SME financing and the financial crisis: A framework and some issues. In G. Calcagnini I. Favaretto (Eds.) The Economics of Small Businesses: An International Perspective. London: Springer Heidelberg, pp. 103-113. Winton, A. Yerramilli, V. (2008). Entrepreneurial finance: Banks versus venture capital. Journal of Financial Economics, 88(1): 51-79. How to cite Literature review on entrepreneurial finance, Essay examples

Research On Music Information Retrieval- Free Sample Solution

Question: Write a formal academic report which identifies a key piece of technology or a technique made possible by a piece of technology. You will need to explain why this is important technically and/or culturally, explain how it relates to both earlier and subsequent work, and show how it has affected modern equipment design and/or practice. Answer: The topic of the research has been selected as music information retrieval. With the emergence of digital technologies, the amount of digital music is growing explosively day by day. This huge amount of digital music information should be matched with the available music instruments and development of those instruments. Thus it need a heavy amount of access, filtration, categorization and retrieval of music information. MIR or Music Information Retrieval covers these area. This is a comparatively new field in research and is growing very rapidly. (Lesaffre, 2006) The application of MIR is available in web, for example, Shazam, different music recommender applications, classification of music depending on identification of tag, voice in the music etc. Knowingly or unknowingly, we sometime stumble upon application of MIR, or in future we will do so. The aim of this research is to understand the topic music information retrieval or MIR. It is an inter disciplinary stream that covers up topics from music, psychology, computer science, signal processing, artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics and probability and many more. The research on MIR will encompass several aspects related to the language of music, formats, form, dimensions, need for information, typology etc. (Downie, 2003) There are several methods used in MIR and it has vast application in music industry. Those methods and applications will be researched and discussed in the research. Also, I shall try to find out the answer to the question that what are the benefits of MIR to us, the human beings? Because music is a perception of some melody, harmony, rhythm etc. We can hear music, understand music, then why should we need some computerized systems to classify or extract music information? Music has basically two forms, one is the sound that can be heard and recorded in different formats, burnt into CDs and play it. But there is more things to do with these music CDs. A music CD contains a stream of music information and representation of music in binary form. Thus those can be processes, information can be extracted to find some meaningful analysis, filtration etc. Another form of music is the notations written on paper or representation the same in binary or computer readable format. These issues, processes related to both will be discussed. There have been several previous works done on MIR. Extensive study of those will help in the research. The research will be based on literature review mainly. The theory and previous works will be learned and the processes, evaluations etc. will be studied. (Mller, 2007) Even though MIR is a growing field of research, there are numerous hurdles. There are different challenges related to the forms or representing music, different cultures around the world that are the origins of different music, rights and laws related to music, intellectual property issue etc. These challenges poses problems on researches of MIR. These problems will be studies also. (Futrelle Downie, 2002) One very much related question to any music technology is about the value of the singer, songwriter etc. those issues are sometimes related to ethics. Such issues related to MIR will be discussed also. References Downie, J. S., 2003. Music information retrieval. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 37(1), p. 295340. Futrelle, J. Downie, J. S., 2002. Interdisciplinary Communities and Research Issues in Music Information Retrieval. s.l.:ISMIR. Lesaffre, M., 2006. Music Information Retrieval. s.l.:Ghent University. Mller, M., 2007. Information Retrieval for Music and Motion. s.l.:Springer.